![]() To calibrate the devices used to measure the forces on large rockets, giant machines were built, such as a 4.5 meganewton (1 million pound) force machine that was 29.3 meters (96 feet) tall. In the 1950s, NIST could measure temperatures reliably only up to 3000 OC by 1964, thanks to improved instruments and techniques, it was routinely measuring in the 20,000 OC range. Measurement capabilities were extended to new realms. NIST was already working on such problems as a result of the Army's first supersonic flight in the late 1940s. space program required new measurements of the combustion of missile fuels and of rocket thrust in the million-pounds range, as well as the effects of extreme and sudden changes in temperature and pressure on materials and mechanisms of rocket engines. Kennedy committed the nation to landing a man on the moon and returning him safely to the Earth. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration was formed, and, in May 1961, President John F. The launch of the satellite Sputnik I in 1957 precipitated the space race. But it was a golden age for science, with ample funding and broad industrial and public support. The 1960s were a time of social turmoil, marked by the civil rights movement, political assassinations, the Vietnam War, and the antiwar movement. ![]() Wisconsin Governor's Letter about Centennial.Washington Governor's Letter about Centennial.Virginia Governor's Letter about Centennial.Tennessee Governor's Letter about Centennial.South Carolina Governor's Letter about Centennial.Rhode Island Governor's Letter about Centennial.Pennsylvania Governor's Letter about Centennial.Oklahoma Governor's Letter about Centennial.Ohio Governor's Letter about Centennial.North Carolina Governor's Letter about Centennial.New York Governor's Letter about Centennial.New Mexico Governor's Letter about Centennial.Nebraska Governor's Letter about Centennial.Indiana Governor's Letter about Centennial.Delaware Governor's Letter about Centennial.Connecticut Governor's Letter about Centennial. ![]()
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